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April 2023


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Features

No April Foolin'
The Ultimate "Joke"
What Do Employers Expect
Improving Your Productivity
Special Safety Notice

4 New FOA Schools Around The World Updated FOA Schools Map
Latest FOA Book - Fiber Broadband
New Fiber U MiniCourse - Project Management
Fiber Optic Conference For Latin America
More Translations Of FOA Textbooks
Links To Resources On Broadband

Newsletter Sections

Click on any link to jump to that section

News 
IMSA/FOA CFOS/D Course
Metcalfe Wins Turing Award
TIA BEAD Success Summit
ISE Expo 2023
Wireless Infrastructure Statistics
Telegeography Submarine Cable Map
FiberWizards Online Programs


Technical 
Problems With Micro/HD Cables?
Fiber Begins Journey To Jupiter
A Fishtape That Glows
Managing Projects - Gantt Charts
FOA Color Code Guides
FOA Online Loss Budget Calculator

Worth Reading  Lots of interesting articles

Q&A    Questions from our readers

Always Interesting!


Training/FiberU
New FOA-Approved Schools,
Fiber U MiniCourses
more
 
Resources
New FOA Technical Resources

Safety  

About the FOA





FOA Certified Techs

CFOT Total


Time To Renew Your FOA Certifications?
Special offer - 1/3 Off Renewal

Jobs
See FOA Jobs Web Page and FOA on FOA on LinkedIn
The FOA Jobs Web Page has been updated and a new page added on Using your FOA Training/Certification to Find the Right Job in Fiber Optics

Where Are The Jobs In Fiber Optics? FOA talks about all the applications for fiber optics, what jobs involve and the qualifications for the workers in the field in this YouTube video.

Join The FOA eMail Newsletter List
Want to be notified when the FOA Newsletter is updated? Sign up for the FOA eMail Newsletter. You can also sign up from your cell phone: text "FOA" to 22828 (usual text message charges apply)


Trademarks: The FOA CFOT® (Certified Fiber Optic Technician) and Fiber U® (the FOA online learning site) are registered trademarks of the FOA.
FOA Guide
Want to know more about fiber optics? Looking for specific information? Here's the largest technical reference on the web: The FOA Online Fiber Optic Reference Guide.

fiberu.org

Free online self-study programs on many fiber optics and cabling topics are available at Fiber U, FOA's online web-based training website.


 FOA Reference Books
Available Printed or eBooks
The fiber book is available in Spanish and French

FOA Reference
                          Guide to Fiber Optics book FOA
                          Reference Guide to Premises Cablng book FOA
                          Reference Guide to OSP Fiber Optics book FOA
                          Reference Guide to Fiber Optics book
FOA Reference
                          Guide to Fiber Optic Network Design book FOA Book
                        on Fiber Optic Testing FOA
                            Outside Plant Fiber Optics Construction
                            Guide  Lennie Lightwave

Lennie and Uncle Ted's Guides are now also available as free iBooks on iTunes.
Lennie
                        Lightwave's Guide To Fiber Optics   Uncle
                        Ted's Guide to Premises Cablling
Click on any of the books to learn more.
Fiber Optic Safety Poster to download and print


FOA Videos on videos

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The FOA Newsletter is edited by Jim Hayes - send your stories, leads, ideas, comments to <jim @ foa.org>
Jim Hayes


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Current Issue of FOA Newsletter


Highlights from the FOA Newsletter in 2022  

Multiple bullets hit Xfinity fiber cable, causing outage in Oakland   (February 22)
More Thoughts On Broadband For Rural Areas (March 22) (June 22)
Fiber Optics In The Movies - Star Wars Special Effects (March 22)
Fiber Optics Again Helps Find A Famous Shipwreck (April 22)
Thinking About A Fiber Optic Project?  Better Get Started Soon (April 22)
AT&T Says Good-bye To Copper (April 22)
More Pole Stories And Photos (May 22)
Why Stop At Gigabits? Let's Design Fiber Networks For Terabits (July 22)
Understanding The Fiber Optic Workforce (August 22)
Does the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) truly benefit people in rural America? (September 22)
Can Wireless Compete With Fiber? Satellites? (October 22)
What is Certification/How Do you Learn (November 22)
School Special Issue (with photos) (December 22)

New Fiber U Self Study Programs

Fiber Characterization (for long distance, high speed networks)
Minicourses: Attenuators, Reference Cables, Project Management 

December 2022 Special Feature: A Salute To FOA's Schools And Training Organizations  




Time To Renew Your FOA Certifications?

To keep your FOA certifications active, you need to renew them when they expire. Now we have a new more convenient way to renew - an online store at Paypal - where you can quickly and conveniently use your PayPal account or your credit card to renew your certifications.

You can now renew with a credit card or PayPal
 


Join FOA On  Social Media




FOA on LinkedIn


FOA has 3 LinkedIn Groups

FOA - official page on LinkedIn - covers FOA, technology and jobs in the fiber optic marketplace

FOA Fiber Optic Training - open to all, covers fiber optic technology and training topics

Grupo de La Asociación de Fibra Óptica FOA (Español)




No April Foolin'

We thought about having a lead article that was an April Fool's joke but didn't do it. At first we thought about writing an article using ChatGPT, the AI that everyone's talking about, but our efforts only ended up with a story about baboons installing fiber, something we thought was insulting to fiber techs. 

We finally decided it was hard to beat the best fiber optic April Fool's joke, the Google announcement more than a decade ago of their FTTH program "TiSP" where users did their own FTTH installation by flushing a fiber optic cable down the toilet.


Google TISP
Drawing from the Google TiSP website.

Then this photo showed up in an email newsletter we received this week. We're not sure if it's supposed to be an April Fool's  joke or maybe one of those "How many things can you find wrong in this picture" quizzes. Or maybe the worker climbing up that spindly latter to a mess of wires is just an example of bad workmanship and OSHA violations. See Special Safety Notice below.


aerial joke

(If you really like April Fools' Day jokes, The Washington Post has the best list of them for 2023.)


The Ultimate "Joke"

Of course the ultimate "joke" on all of us may have been perpetrated by the Silicon Valley venture capitalists (VCs) which could cause both a banking crisis and a recession. These VCs, who obviously had no regard for anyone but themselves and seemed to not understand the banking business, took their motto "move fast and break things" and changed it to "move fast and break the banks."

This could be bad timing for broadband. The large amount of federal money becoming available for broadband projects in underserved and unserved areas, both urban and rural, has a requirement of private investment in the project also through a minimum of 25% matching fund requirement. We also need a lot of private investment for the expansion of facilities and production by suppliers so they can meet the expected demand for fiber components in the near future.

Private investment requires banks to loan money, and right now a lot of banks are very skittish. Plus we have a problem with inflation that central banks are trying to solve by raising interest rates, which raises the cost of borrowing.

Then there is the threat of a recession.

(Italics)
CitiBank Weekly Market Update 3/27/23: We believe the US economy is positioned for a shallow recession. The US economy was already slowing prior to the present banking crisis. Large sectors of the US economy will be impacted by changes in the availability and pricing of credit, in our view. These sectors will see a greater contraction that will have spillover effects. An overall stall in US growth will follow, along with a likely mild recession in 2023.

How will all this affect the fiber optic business? We have no idea! We are just concerned. No April Fools!


What Do Employers Expect From A Fiber Optic Tech?

As part of its workforce development program to support their applications for BEAD broadband funding, the state of Maine commissioned Camoin Associates to create the Maine Broadband Workforce Strategy Report.  The report included this page of quotes from those interviewed, which everyone involved in fiber optic workforce development should read carefully.

Maine_Employer_Interviews

Click on the image for a larger PDF version.

This page is important and repeats what contractors told us at the 2016 Workforce Summit FOA held to get training started to create the workforce needed to build Kentucky Wired.

Here are some of the most important ideas here:

Fiber optics is THE communications platform. It is ubiquitous. Anybody being trained in Science, Engineering, or Communications needs to understand fiber. Fiber optics should be a basic skill used and understood by a broad swathe of the workforce.  We should not think of fiber optics as a niche technology. It is what makes communications, information technology, security, transportation, the electrical grid, even traffic control work today. Anyone taking a science or engineering course should learn about fiber optics and even science in the early grades need to learn what it is and how it works - plus it lends itself to some fascinating visual demonstrations!

Entry-level workers need a baseline of theory, but the focus should be on hands-on learning and practical and soft skills. When FOA started, it was common for fiber optic courses to begin with a day of optics theory, which no fiber tech would ever need. We said no, start with some simple demos and explanations of how fiber and fiber optic communications systems work, then teach tests about fiber optic cables and installation, cable prep plus splicing and termination, testing fiber optics - the skills they need to build fiber optic networks.

We need to expand our view of workforce to include women, minorities, and reentry workers.  There should be no reason women or minorities don’t enter these jobs, but the culture can be exclusionary. Barriers to employment include lack of soft skills, childcare, transportation, healthcare, and affordable housing. These are issues that need to be addressed, but they are not limited to the fiber optic workforce, nor are they issues that can be addressed with training. They are societal and governmental issues.

Workforce retention is a major pain point. There are very few training opportunities, so most workers receive on-the-job training. It’s a major investment in terms of time and money, just to have that employee quit a few months later. This is another issue outside the scope of job training, but we've heard it many times as an excuse to not provide workforce training; a rather self-defeating attitude. Some contractors tie training to employment; where employee training is only paid for if the employee stays for a fixed length of time. But workers need to understand the employer-employee relationship and agree to what is expected from each party.
 
Workforce shortages across the board, from entry-level workers in customer service and flagging to engineers and managers. Broadband jobs offer good opportunities in terms of pay and advancement, but experienced workers are aging out and there’s a lot of competition for labor. That's what we're facing today.

Maine Broadband Workforce Strategy Report


You can (should!) download and read the Maine Broadband Workforce Strategy Report


Have You Thought About Improving Your Productivity?

With the fiber optic industry facing a major shortage of competent fiber techs already and the US offering billions of dollars to build broadband networks, there is a lot of talk about workforce development. That's obviously necessary, but it's not as easy as it sounds. First of all it's hard to find people interested in becoming fiber techs when unemployment is so low and everybody else is trying to hire them at the same time. Then if you do get them interested, it takes time to train them and have them learn by OJT to become proficient at their job.

Perhaps it's time to consider another parallel solution - increasing productivity. Getting more work done with current techs is not going to completely solve the long-term problem of a tech shortage, but it is an important part of the long term solution. It's something FOA has been thinking about as we have all these discussions with workforce development groups.

Increasing productivity requires considering the entire process of a fiber optic project, starting at the design phase. Things have changed a lot in the 40 plus years history of fiber optics, but many networks today don't look much different than they did way back then and many techs are still working the same old way. Perhaps even more important is that decisions are being made by people who are not familiar with modern fiber optics components and installation techniques that are more efficient, cost effective and prolong the life of the network.

The options for fiber optic cable plant construction have changed. It's not just dig a trench, drop in some conduit and pull cable or lash new fiber to current fiber or legacy copper cables. If the construction is underground, careful consideration of the route of the cable plant might help you find unused ducts for use with new cables. New products allow removing some old ducts and replacing them with fabric ducts or microducts that can carry new cables in the conduit without construction.

microtrenching

This small trench is designed to allow installation of six 288 fiber microcables in Solana Beach, CA.

A combination of microtrenching and directional boring can speed up underground construction compared to trenching and reduce the disruption along the construction route. If the contractor is not familiar with these techniques, renting equipment with experienced operators or subcontracting the work is often preferable to learning on the job themselves, especially on the first few jobs.

Another issue for underground construction is location of other underground services. Nothing slows down the job and adds to the cost more than damaging something already there. It happens way too much; two contractors broke gas lines within a mile of the FOA office last year. Thankfully, quick thinking by the local fiber department kept them from becoming tragedies. Be sure to "call before you dig" and/or "click before you dig" to find out what's on you route and have a tech with underground locating equipment monitoring your path before you dig or bore.

The owner of the cable plant route should require the contractor to follow the federal "Dig Once" policy. If you are installing cable underground, no matter whether you trench, microtrench or bore, you should install extra ducts for future networks. Microducts are tiny, a bundle of 6 is about the same size as a traditional fiber duct, fits easily in a single microtrench or bore and can provide for lots of future expansion.

aerial lashing

Lashing an aerial cable

There is still plenty of aerial cable in use and contractors are installing new fiber optic cables, many for 5G. There is now the "one step make ready" process where the installing contractor is allowed to move cables already installed and overlash to current cables on a messenger, which can make adding cables much faster and cheaper. If you are going to do this, make sure the installing techs know what they are doing because mistakes here can damage other carrier's cables and be really expensive to fix.

In the design of the cable plant, new component developments can help productivity too. Microcables contain more fibers in smaller cables, making them easier to install. The bigger versions of microcables, high fiber count cables, can also save time and money; cables of 864 fibers are now as small as 144 fiber loose tube cables of the past. The 864 fiber cables can work for both underground or aerial installation. Be careful, as bigger cables are mainly intended for short urban use underground and require very large vaults for storing service loops because of the large bend radius required.

(We're hearing rumors that these cables are getting fibers broken during installation with the possible cause(s) being exceeding bend radius or pulling tension, using improper installation equipment or maybe even the cable designs. We're investigating this and will report back in the near future. But please ensure installers follow manufacturer's recommendations carefully.)


SOC

Fusion splicing a splice-on connector (SOC)

Termination has been changing in ways that enhance productivity also, with fusion splice on connectors replacing the more common practice of splicing pigtails. Many of the SOCs come pre-cleaved, ready to splice, saving half the cleaving time, and they do not require separate splice protectors or closures. Most single fiber splicers now have a SOC option.

High fiber count cables present another opportunity for productivity, splicing with mass or ribbon fusion splicing. The time required for splicing these cables is substantial and ribbon splicing is essential. Most of these cables are ribbon cables anyway, so investing in a ribbon splicing machine will be required. Ribbon splicing saves a lot of time; splicing 12 fibers at once only takes about twice as long as splicing a single fiber, so it's about 6 times faster. Even regular loose tube cables can benefit from ribbon splicing, as splicer manufacturers offer fixtures to splice all 12 fibers in a regular buffer tube at once.

Testing lots of fibers is another challenge because it can take large amounts of time and requires more skilled technicians. There are no "mass" fiber testers like ribbon splicers, but test equipment companies have used advanced software techniques to speed up testing without compromising the quality of the test. These advanced testers do multiple tests like insertion loss and OTDR testing in seconds and store the data for reports needed for cable plant documentation. That can be a major time saver.

Do Not Forget Training
Newer equipment is generally much more automated, faster and easier to use, adding to productivity.  But besides investing in some new equipment, there is a big payback for investing in tech training for the components and equipment you switch to. When you want to use a new component or buy that new equipment, the manufacturer will usually provide training for your techs. Take advantage of it.



Special Safety Notice

National Stand Down Day

In the construction industry, “safety stand-downs” are used to describe activities where normal work is paused and the entire site focuses on a specific safety issue. Some employers may use stand-downs to call attention to specific hazards present on their site as an intervention. The National Stand-Down to Prevent Struck-by Incidents is a voluntary event for employers to talk directly to employees about safety. Any workplace can hold a stand-down by taking a break to focus on "Struck-by Hazards" and reinforcing the importance of training and prevention. The event is held in conjunction with National Work Zone Awareness Week.

Struck-by hazards are present on nearly every job site, and include things like falling and flying objects, vehicles and heavy equipment, and swing hazards from cranes. These incidents are the number one cause of nonfatal injuries in construction and the leading cause of death among heavy and civil construction workers, but they can be avoided by careful planning, training, and the use of controls.

Contractors, workers, and safety professionals across the nation are invited to join this event. Workers can be educated on hazard prevention including topics such as avoiding blind-spots around large equipment, proper use of high-visibility clothing, creation of lift plans, use of tool tethers and safety nets, and use of safer pneumatic nail guns and other air-powered tools.

Read more.





FOA Welcomes 4 New Approved Training Organizations

FOA is pleased to welcome 4 new schools to the worldwide network of training organizations offering FOA approved training and FOA certifications. With FOA's extensive worldwide network of training organizations, it's possible to get FOA-certified almost anywhere! Use the updated FOA schools map below to find any FOA school.

402 Bossier Parish Community College Bossier City LA

407  Virginia Highlands Community College, Abingdon VA

408 British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

776 Prime Training and Services, Akwa, Cameroon

FOA's World Map Of Approved Training Schools Updated  

FOA Map

FOA has updated its online interactive map showing the FOA approved schools around the world. The new map shows the location of FOA schools, allows zooming in on a location and now includes a search function that allows locating a school by name or location. Once you locate a school, you can click on the school name and link to their website.

FOA's School Map 


Latest FOA Book: Fiber Broadband (Paperback and Kindle)

FOA Guide To Fiber BroadbandHow does broadband work? Without fiber optics it would not work. This book is not the typical FOA technical textbook - it is written for anyone who wants to understand fiber broadband or fiber optics or the Internet. It's also aimed at STEM teachers who want to include communications technology in their classes. This book will try to explain not only how fiber broadband works, but how it was developed. It is intended to be an introduction to communications technology appropriate for a communications course at almost any level (junior high, high school or college,) for managers involved with broadband projects, or for anyone who just wonders how all this stuff works.

The Fiber Optic Association Guide To Fiber Broadband   Paperback ($12.95) and Kindle ($9.95) versions available from Amazon or most booksellers. Kindle version is in color!



New Fiber U MiniCourse - Fiber Optic Project Management

Fiber optic porject managementManaging a fiber optic project can be the easiest part of the installation if the design and planning have been done thoroughly and properly, or, if not, it can be the the hardest. It's certainly important to understand what managing a project entails. This new Fiber U MiniCourse starts by defining a fiber optic project then explains what's involved in managing it from concept to operation.

As usual with Fiber U online learning courses, the course is free and like the Fiber U FTTH course, the
Fiber U Certificate of Completion is free also.

With so many new fiber optic projects starting up and so many new managers, FOA decided this MiniCourse should also offer the Fiber U Certificate of Completion free

New Fiber U MiniCourse Fiber Optic Project Management  



More Translations of FOA Textbooks

Guia de Referência sobre Fibra Óptica da FOAFOA is a very international organization and it works hard to accommodate the language needs of everyone. We have been translating our books and website into the languages most requested, and this month, we add two more textbook translations. We also want to thank Jerry Morla, FOA CFOS/I instructor and Director who has been doing the recent translations into Spanish, his native language.


Details below.

Cross Reference Guide to Textbooks, Online Guide and Fiber U    FOA Videos Guide.

 
FOA  has a web page with resources on fiber broadband and the IIJA/BEAD funding programs.



FOA Newsletter Sections

News     Technical    Worth Reading    Q&A    Training/FiberU    Resoures    Safety   About





News


Lots more news in Worth Reading below



IMSA and FOA Hold First CFOS/D Design Class

 FOA Instructor Tom Collins conducted the first IMSA/FOA Fiber Optic Network Design certification course recently, using a hybrid online and in-person format. IMSA, the professional society of traffic engineers, has adopted the FOA CFOS/D design certification for their membership, accompanying the FOA CFOT certification they have been offering since 2017. This first course was also a train-the-trainer for IMSA instructors who will begin offering the course in their home regions.

IMSA FOA Design Class
Participants making class presentations on their case study projects

For over one year the FOA and IMSA have been planning how to roll out the hybrid Design certification class. The pilot program consisted of two Zoom classes followed by a one day in-person class. The ZOOM classes comprised of PowerPoint / lecture, online assignments and quizzes from the textbook, discussions on course materials and what to prepare for their individual project presentation. The project presentations were an integral part of the class. Each participant had to prepare a presentation on the design of a fiber optic network, following the case studies format used in the course but based on their local work.

IMSA FOA Design Class Project
Details from class projects

The one day in- person class was held at About Phase Academy in Port Orange, Florida. Instructor Tom Collins provided a review of the book and then had each person presented their fiber project presentation to the class. Every presentation was outstanding especially the PowerPoint materials developed by the presenters. There was an array of topics. ALL participants passed their FOA certification test with flying colors.

IMSA is planning to roll out future classes as soon as possible.  "Working with the Fiber Optic Association, Inc., we have built this new certification to go beyond the initial Certified Fiber Optic Technician, which covers the basic installation of ITS, Traffic, Fire Alarm and Communications systems. The new fiber optics design class will improve skill sets and certify that recipients are now qualified to design fiber optic systems." "Certified Fiber Optic Specialist/Design delivers on our promise to offer tests that reflect the kinds of advanced technology our members encounter every day,” said IMSA Board of Directors President Kevin Musick.


Bob Metcalfe, Co-inventor Of Ethernet, Wins Turing Award

Bob Metcalfe

Fifty years ago at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), two young engineers were tasked to develop a way that the personal computers Xerox was developing could communicate with each other inside the labs. Bob Metcalfe was the idea person and David Boggs was the engineer who could implement the hardware. The original Ethernet operated at about 3 Mb/s over coax cable, but Metcalfe saw the media as "the ether" which could be any method that could transmit signals, including copper wires, radio or even the new technology of optical fiber.

Metcalfe worked with Xerox and Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC, the inventor of the minicomputer) and founded one of the first comuter networking companies, 3com, in 1979. He was instrumental in the IEEE creation of the Ethernet standard (IEEE 802.3) we still use today.

Metcalfe is still active today as an Emeritus Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at The University of Texas at Austin and a Research Affiliate in Computational Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).

ACM, the Association for Computing Machinery, named Bob Metcalfe as recipient of the 2022 ACM A.M. Turing Award for the invention, standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet. The ACM A.M. Turing Award, often referred to as the “Nobel Prize in Computing,” carries a $1 million prize, with financial support provided by Google, Inc. The Award is named for Alan M. Turing, the British mathematician who articulated the mathematical foundations of computing. (Read the ACM announcement here.)

We first met Bob at COMNET, the communications conference in Washington DC in the mid-1990s when we were together on a panel discussing the future of the new public "Internet." Bob represented the networking technology and we (JH) were representing fiber optics. When asked about Internet standards, Bob's answer became one of our favorite quotes: "The wonderful thing about standards is we have so many to choose from."

Congratulations, Bob!

JH




TIA BEAD Success Summit

TIA BEAD Conference

The US government's Broadband Equity Access and Deployment (BEAD) program has created plenty of speculation about what it means and how it will be implemented, not to mention a lot of hard selling of products and services that might be involved. If you are tired of the speculation and sales pitches, this might be the conference for you.

TIA, of course, is best known for it's work in standards, but its location in Washington, D.C. and connections into the various federal agencies and Congress gives it unique insight into the progress of the IIJA/BEAD programs. And a lot of what has been said over the last year is speculation as the actual programs take shape, so now is a much better time to get a more down-to-earth viewpoint on the programs from insiders in the know.

In addition TIA has a unique focus on supply chain issues, cyber security and privacy, important areas of concern in broadband networks that should be of interest to those planning or operating broadband networks.

The timing of this conference could be good for getting updated on the BEAD program, since all states have received their initial BEAD planning funds but the next steps depend on the FCC broadband availability maps. They were released late last year, but we hear that number of comments on the maps is in the hundreds of thousands.

FOA is a TIA Member, so TIA will offer member discounted pricing to FOA certified techs, schools and corporate members. Use the FOA discount code "2023FOA" when registering.

Information and registration on the TIA BEAD Success Summit.

More information on TIA efforts to support the NTIA BEAD program.


Registration Open For ISE Expo 2023

ISE Expo 2023

ISE EXPO 2023, the OSP telecom conference, showcases the next wave of disruptive products, technologies and solutions for todays' and future networks. It's a conference for the professional who plans, builds, operates and maintains these networks. At ISE EXPO 2023 you can see, touch and demo new products, technologies and solutions for telecom networks.
 
Join ISE EXPO 2023 in Kansas City, Missouri, and experience why network professionals from around the globe attend our engaging seminars, commanding keynote presentations, solutions-based vendors and face-to-face networking.

More about ISE Expo 2023 (and early bird discounts)


Wireless Infrastructure Statistics

The Wireless Infrastructure Association (WIA) has released their 2022 Wireless Infrastructure By The Numbers report about their $46 billion industry.

The following key statistics show the strength of the U.S. wireless infrastructure industry at the end of 2022:
• 142,100 cellular towers were in operation;
• 209,500 macrocell sites, not including small cells, were deployed;
• 678,700 macrocell sectors, not including small cells, were in operation;
• 452,200 outdoor small cell nodes were deployed;
• And 747,400 indoor small cell nodes were in use, including private CBRS networks, DAS, small cells and mmWave and other licensed frequency bands.

Deploying and operating this infrastructure translates into jobs: 401,100 people or full-time equivalents were employed in the U.S. to build, maintain and operate the nation’s wireless and mobile networks

That's a lot of antennas connected by a lot of fiber!

Download a copy of the 2022 Wireless Infrastructure By The Numbers report.


Telegeography 2023 Submarine Cable Map

Cable map

Telegeography just released the 2023 Submarine Cable Map, which depicts 529 cable systems and 1,444 landings that are currently active or under construction.

This new edition highlights in the Americas:

North America is seeing increasing diversity in submarine cable landing locations. New cables are coming into places like Virginia Beach and Myrtle Beach on the U.S. East Coast. Out west, the first trans-Pacific cable landings are planned for Canada and Mexico.

Outside of the recently-activated EllaLink cable, South America's submarine cable connectivity remains heavily-focused on the United States. This will continue with the planned activation of cables such as FirminaCarnival Submarine Network-1, and AMX-3/Tikal.

You can explore this new map in detail  here. Physical copies are also available in their map store.

Telegeography also introduced the 2023 State of the Network Report—their sixth annual review of all things telecom. This information pieces together what we’ll be talking about in the year ahead, each data point another patch in the quilt that is 2023.



Looking for a good online fiber optic course? The FiberWizards Essentials - CFOT Prep Course could be a solution


How do you get new hires up to speed quickly? Continue training current employees and prepare them for the certification your customers are requiring? OJT - On-The-Job-Training. - is the usual answer, but an OJT program like the FOA's OJT-To-Cert program - requires a commitment from experienced techs and supervisors to ensure the techs stay on course.

FiberWizards Fiber Optic Technician OJT Course

FOA Master Instructor and Director Jerry Morla has a solution that can work for most companies, the "FiberWizards Essentials - CFOT Prep Course."  Students will get lots of flexibility to learn on their own terms with a very tailored and personalized experience including one-on-one coaching, virtual presentations, online modules, and access to a private Slack channel for support.

Students will get a lab kit when they join, to explore behaviors of light in fiber on their own. If the students need equipment to complete the hands-on part of the course, FiberWizards  offers rentals of equipment and consumables kits for students within the Continental US.

For companies who need to train their fiber techs but lack the time commitment needed from their top techs, which is practically all of them, the FiberWizards course could be a very good - and cost effective - solution.

FiberWizards Essentials - CFOT Prep Course 



Technical

Fiber optic technology, standards, equipment, installation, etc.


The FOA Update Page covers the new technology and applications we covered in this newsletter recently. Now you can review all that new tech at once.


FOA
                          Guide

Cross Reference To FOA Technical Reference Materials

The FOA has almost 1,000 pages of technical information on the FOA Guide, 100+ videos and two dozen online courses at Fiber U, all this can make it difficult to find the right information.

Cross Reference To FOA Tech Materials
To help this, we have created a cross reference guide to the textbooks, Online Guide and Fiber U courses, all the FOA technical information. Besides the textbooks, online Guide and Fiber U, each section of the Guide also includes links to the 100+ FOA videos available.
Cross Reference Guide to Textbooks, Online Guide and Fiber U

FOA Videos
We have also rearranged the 100+ FOA videos in similar categories on the Contents Page of the Online Guide, making the videos, especially the lectures, much it much easier to find a video on a particular topic. 
FOA Videos Guide.



fiberu.org

Want to know more about fiber optics? Study for FOA certifications? Free Self-Study Programs are on Fiber U®





Sponsored Content

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Problems With Microcables and High Fiber Count Cables?

We're hearing rumors that these cables are getting fibers broken during installation with the possible cause(s) being exceeding bend radius or pulling tension, using improper installation equipment or maybe even the cable designs. We're investigating this and will report back in the near future. But please ensure installers follow manufacturer's recommendations carefully.


In 2018 Linden Fiber Optic Cables Began A Long Journey To Jupiter

Tasked with designing and building a fiber optic cable that would survive the rigors of deep space, Linden Photonics worked with the Airbus Defense & Space, the Space Research Institute (IWF) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Fraunhofer, among others, to design and build optical cables for the mission to the icy moons of Jupiter (JUICE), scheduled to launch in April, 2023. Linden’s unique design allowed sufficient strain relief necessary for polyimide fibers to pass rigorous temperature cycling tests from -1900 to +1200 C.

fiber to Jupiter
Flight unit of the JUICE J-MAG scalar magnetometer: Electronics with laser unit (left), optical fiber assemblies (middle) and sensor (right)

The J-MAG instrument onboard ESA’s JUICE mission to the icy moons of Jupiter is going to perform magnetic field measurements with the help of two vector (fluxgate) sensors and an additional optical scalar sensor (MAGSCA), which provides a reference for in-flight-calibration of the fluxgate sensors. Due to the JUICE mission’s challenging environmental conditions in terms of particle radiation and temperature range as well as the need for a fully non- magnetic design, a set of customized fiber-optical cable assemblies had to be designed and qualified.

This Linden design can be used to achieve similar temperature performance for cables incorporating other custom fibers such as polarization maintaining, reduced diameter, silicone coated, rare earth doped, and metallized optical fibers.

More on the JUICE mission.

More on the development of the fiber optics for the magnetometer.

Watch the launch
Date: 13 April 2023
Location: Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana
Vehicle: Ariane 5
Destination: Jupiter system




Great Idea For Fishtape - It Glows

Klein-glow-fishtape

Klein Tools (www.kleintools.com), has introduced a new 20' or 40’ Glow in the Dark Fish Tape for applications in low light jobsites. It's an optimal fish tape for installing wire or cable behind walls and ceilings, in short box-to-box runs and branch circuits or in flexible tubing
 
Klein 20' or 40’ Glow in the Dark Fish Tape (Cat. No. 50660)  



Managing Fiber Optic Projects - The Gantt Chart

(With An Excel File To Make Your Own)

The most common way to track projects is the Gantt Chart, a chart of activities that tracks the progress of projects along a timeline. each activity is represented by a bar and the position and length of the bar represents the starting date and duration of the activity. This allows you to see what activities are needed for the project, when the activities start and end so it can be used to track the progress of the project visually. Here is what a Gantt Chart for a fiber project might look like:

Fiber Optic Gantt Chart

You might remember an article in the FOA Newsletter in April 2022 or the FOA Guide page on Project Management about the timing of a fiber optic project where we showed the progression of steps in a project like this:


The Gantt Chart above is simply this list converted to a Gantt Chart using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. You can download a copy of the FOA Gantt Chart spreadsheet (xlsx file - 16kB) and use it to create your own Gantt Chart for any project. All you have to do is to input your own data and change the activity names as necessary. You can also follow the directions from Microsoft to create your own version.

More Help On Color Codes (Now Copper Cabling And Fiber Optics)

The FOA has created a pocket guide to fiber optic color codes that we are sending to new and renewed CFOTs. It has color codes for fibers and buffer tubes, connectors and premises cables inside and on the back, QR codes to take you directly to the FOA Guide and Fiber U.

FOA Color Codes Guide card 

The FOA Guide page on Fiber Optic Color Codes is one of the most read pages on the FOA website and the Fiber Optic Color Codes minicourse on Fiber U very popular also.

Here's a do-it-yourself FOA Guide To Fiber Optic Color Codes card. Just download the PDF file, print it on a color printer and fold it up as shown. Then you have your own pocket guide to color codes. Make a bunch for your co-workers too.

Color codes U-print  FOA Color Code Card  color code card UTP

Then we realized that many of your also do structured cabling work, so it was a natural to add a Color Code Guide for UTP copper cabling in printable (below) and electronic (above) versions.

color codes

But we did not stop there. We know how many of you use your mobile devices on the job, so we created a version of the Color Code Guide you could download and use on your smartphone or tablet. It's a PDF file, so you just download it and save it on your device and it will be with you always.

Here are the links to download your own FOA Guides to Fiber Optic Color Codes
FOA Guide to Fiber Optic Color Codes (print your own version) PDF  
FOA Guide to Fiber Optic Color Codes (electronic version for your smartphone, tablet or PC) PDF  

And For UTP Cabling

FOA Guide to UTP Cabling Color Codes (print your own version) PDF  
FOA Guide to UTP Copper Cabling Color Codes (electronic version) PDF

Warning For Techs Doing OSP Restoration

Warning

FOA received an inquiry about whether techs working on restoring OSP links should be concerned about eye safety if the link used fiber amplifiers. To answer this question, we had to do some research on fiber amplifiers. The short answer is YES, you should be concerned. The long answer is more technical and includes details that every OSP tech needs to know.

See "Fiber Amps And Restoration" in the FOA Newsletter Archives..



Try The FOA's Online Loss Budget Calculator

FOA has written many articles about loss budgets, something everyone involved in fiber optics needs to know and needs to know how to calculate. We've created a online Loss Budget Calculator that does the work for you. Just input your cable plant data and it calculates the loss budget. It works on any device, especially smartphones and tablets for field use and even allows printing the results.
 

FOA
                        Loss Budget Calculator


Bookmark this page (especially on your smartphone): FOA Loss Budget Calculator Online

Worth Reading

Each month we read hundreds of newsletters and online articles. These are the ones we think you will find "worth reading."

FOA  has a web page with resources on fiber broadband networks and the IIJA/BEAD funding programs.

Cross Reference Guide to FOA Textbooks, Online Guide and Fiber U


FOA Timeline of Fiber Optic History  and the new FOA video "The History Of Fiber Optics"

Fiber or copper?  AT&T PR photo from the mid 1970s

The FOA's History




Worth Reading (And Watching):

April 2023

Telegeography Submarine Cable Map 2023  - 
You can also buy copies - Telegeography

Telegeography Submarine Cable Map 2023

Taiwan suspects Chinese ships cut islands’ internet cables - Los Angeles Times  

Broadband Communities Summit Conference, Houston, May 1-4, 2023  



March 2023

CABL® (cabl.com)
serves the business needs of the Broadband industry (including traditional cable TV, fiber, telecom and satellite providers) with employment listings, classified ads, discussion forums, and more. A contractor told us it's where they find lots of opportunities for subcontracting.



The State of the Network in 2023  (eBook) Telegeography

Telegeography Internet Use Graph
From Telegeography' The State of the Network in 2023

The Secret to Future Proofing,
by Jim Hayes, FOA President,  ISE Magazine

Open Access Conduit in West Des Moines, Iowa Brings Google Fiber, Choice to City Residents
(Dig once - buy conduit!) ILSR Community Networks

Emergency Repair of Subsea Fiber Optic Cable in Anguilla (LinkedIn)


February 2023

Friday the 13th Mapping Challenge Deadline Highlights Failed Process
- The new national broadband map challenge process - crucial for future infrastructure funding - looks to have been hamstrung by critical lacking information from the start, and that has us worried.

Ask The Experts: What Defined The Industry in 2022 Telegeography

Review Telegeography's Presentation On the 2022 Fiber Optic Market


January 2023

The 45 Year Old Overnight Sensation -
article by FOA President Jim Hayes in ISE Magazine
(Read the complete Nov/Dec issue of ISE Magazine here.

ISE Magazine

Going the distance: What you need to know about breaking the 100-meter distance limitation Cheating on the standards for UTP cable - CI&M Magazine

FCC Requires Broadband Providers to Display Broadband Nutrition Labels  not nutrition labels on the product's "high fiber content" but  key information consumers want−prices, speeds, fees, data allowances, and other critical information.- Broadband Communities

Fiber optics take the pulse of the planet It’s like radar, but with light. Distributed acoustic sensing — DAS — picks up tremors from volcanoes, quaking ice and deep-sea faults, as well as traffic rumbles and whale calls. Knowable Magazine.


From Earlier Issues

ESRI has created an ebook on GIS location technology for telecom. Use the link to download the book.

The First Transcontinental Telephone Line  began operation on  July 29th in 1915 - 3400 miles between New York and San Francisco - required over 100,000 telephone poles! Wonders of World Engineering

Conocimiento Esencial: ¿Por qué la fibra óptica?  creado por FiberWizards 

Recruiting And Training Today's Fiber Optic Workforce - Learn the fundamentals to recruit and train new fiber optics - by FOA's Jim Hayes in ISE Magazine.

Explosive Fiber Broadband Expansion Drives Need for Fiber Technician Training Programs - Telecompetitor - As fiber sees record-setting deployment levels, the demand for fiber optic technicians is stronger than ever.


Google Video On Their Undersea Cables YouTube Slick but interesting video on how undersea cables are designed, built and used.

Construction Without Disruption - FOA President Jim Hayes' column in ISE Magazine

Fiber Optics Installed By The Lowest Bidder  - ISE Magazine - by Jim Hayes, FOA President.

Building Broadband During Component and Worker Shortages - Broadband Communities - Completing broadband builds requires competent fiber optic techs, but training them requires understanding how they learn - by Jim Hayes, FOA President.



Worth Reading - Magazines, Websites and Newsletters

  dpPro Magazine



The latest Issue of dP-PRO, the "call before you dig" magazine, is online.





 
dpPro sponsors the annual digging safety conference each year - next year in Tampa.


Safety conference 2023




New Fiber Optic Magazine In Spanish

Todo Fibra Optica is a new digital magazine in Spanish for fiber optics in Latin America and South America. Jose Enriquez, editor of  Todo Fibra Optic magazine has many years experience in the fiber optic industry so he knows the industry well. FOA will be working with him to share our extensive technical materials in Spanish.

Read their newsletter here. It is now available online in English and Spanish.

magazine

 
All issues and subscriptions.

Contact:
José Manuel Enriquez Mora, Editor
Todo Fibra Optica LLC
https://todofibraoptica.com/revista-ediciones/
+52 222 302 8224
jose.enriquez@todofibraoptica.com




RTI Telecom Magazine from  Brazil, in Portuguese
. A revista RTI do mês de abril já está disponível online e recomendo a leitura de alguns artigos: 





1995-2020 - FOA's 25th Anniversary!

As part of celebrating 25 years of serving the fiber optic industry as its primary source of technical information and independent certifying body, FOA thought it appropriate to create a short history of the organization and how it has developed  to help the fiber optic industry. We also wanted to recognize the contributions many people have made to the organization over the years that made FOA what it is today.

The FOA history is now archived on the FOA website where you can read it anytime or link to it.
  
Updated info - dB, total internal reflection and science projects,




Worth Reading - News Summary - Past Links Worth Repeating

1983 Video of AT&T's First Test Of A Submarine Cable System From the AT&T Tech Channel archives (worth exploring!)

Richard Epworth's Optical Fiber History from his work at STL from 1966 with Charles Kao.

Communications Systems Grounding Rules: Article 800 provides specific requirements  by Michael Johnston,  NECA Executive Director of Standards and Safety in EC Magazine

US Broadband Coverage By Service Provider from the FCC


How To Build Rural Broadband, Learning From History

In the August 2021 FOA Newsletter, we published a lengthy article on rural broadband and compared it to rural electrification in America in the last century. Much of the comparison was based on an article written in 1940 by a USDA economist, Robert Beall, called "Rural Electrification." 

If you are interested in or involved in rural broadband, we recommend you read the article "How To Build Rural Broadband, Learning From History" in the August 2021 FOA Newsletter and read the Beall article also.


Recycling Fiber Optic Cable -
Contact:
Steve Maginnis
LD4Recycle/ CommuniCom Recycling
(Visit website)
sm@LD4Recycle.com
803.371.5436


Sumitomo's Ribbon Splicing Guide - download from one of the leaders in splicing.

"Who Lost Lucent?: The Decline of America's Telecom Equipment Industry"
This is a MUST READ for managers in telecom or any industry!

This long and well-researched and annotated article in American Affairs Journal should be mandatory reading for every high level manager in a telecom company - or any other company for that matter. To summarize the article, today, America has no major telecom equipment company and fears the major suppliers of equipment who are all foreign, especially the Huawei from China. This article explains how America got into this deplorable state.

OFS also has an excellent website and blog of tech articles worth browsing.

IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - An extensive dictionary for fiber optics in English and French. Highly technical - this is one definition: "mode - one solution of Maxwell's equations, representing an electromagnetic field in a certain space domain and belonging to a family of independent solutions defined by specified boundary conditions"

If you are interested in restoration - aren't we all? - you should also read this article in dpPro magazine by FOA President Jim Hayes: Damage Protection Requies Looking Overheas As Well As Underground - dpPRO Magazine - about the problems with aerial cables. His previous article for the magazine was New Techniques for Fiber Optic Installation.

How much fiber optic cable is manufactured each year? CRU Reports - unsurprisingly China is by far the largest market today

The Institute for Local Self-Reliance weekly newsletter has lots of interesting articles and links.

Universal access to broadband is a cornerstone to a strong economy, Achieving universal access will require community partnerships. by
Alfreda B. Norman, Sr. VP,  Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas

FIBER TO THE FARM: The co-ops that electrified Depression-era farms are now building rural internet. Be sure to check out the high-tech equine installation equipment.

Next Century Cities Newsletter - News from cities around the US including Detroit and New York plus small

Infrastructure Get Some Respect, NY TImes "On Tech"   "The magic of the internet requires a lot of very boring stuff behind the scenes. "

DIRT Report On Damage To Utilities Common Ground Alliance (CGA) annual DIRT report provides a summary and analysis of the events submitted into CGA’s Damage Information Reporting Tool (DIRT) for the year 2018. The complete report is available for download here. In addition, there is an interactive dashboard that allows users to filter the data more  by factors contributing to damages.

Structured Cabling News - a website and weekly newsletter about cabling.

Fiber Trivia From Corning.

The Future Of Work Is Skills - So Stop Worrying About Degrees - The reality is the future of work is about skills, not just degrees. (FOA Newsletter Feb 2020)

The job market is hot. So why are half of U.S. grads missing out?  

VIAVI Books On Fiber Optic Testing (2 volumes) - They're back!

books  book 2

Besides the FOA reference materials, two JDSU/VIAVI textbooks, Reference Guide to Fiber Optic Testing, Volumes 1 and 2,  were used as references for some of the FOA courses and are recommended for instructors and students. The books are available from VIAVI as eBooks and the everyone should download them and recommend them to others.Download yours now. Volume 1. Volume 2. Viavi Books

Ciena's Submarine Cable Handbooks (4 to download)

Guidebook To MPO Testing OptoTest offers this complete guide to MTP®/MPO testing. In this guide, you will learn all there is to know about the different test methods, equipment options, troubleshooting, and best maintenance practices to ensure that you have the best testing experience. Go here to download the book.

50th Anniversary of The Development of Low Loss Fibers
A history of the development of low loss fiber, a fascinating story by Jeff Hecht on the OSA (Optical Society of America) website.

How OFS Makes Fiber

Interesting YouTube video on how fiber is made. Perhaps a little too much "show biz" but fascinating. If you have ever seen fiber manufacture, look at this video. You will be amazed at how big preforms have become!

The True Cost of Telco Damages (what backhoe fade or target practice can cost)

Rural Electric Cooperatives: Pole Attachment Policies and Issues, June 2019.

Clearfield-FOA Certification Training Clearfield is now offering their customers an FOA CERTIFICATION course. This course provides a basic understanding of fiber optic technology, as well as Clearfield product knowledge and how Clearfield’s integrated product systems work together in a fiber network.

Substandard Contractors - Fiber Optic Knowledge Doesn't Always Trickle Down  (EC Mag)

Q&A

When readers ask us questions, we genrally refer them to FOA resources where they can find the answer to their question and many more. We first send them to the FOA Guide which is the table of contents for the FOA technical resources. There they can find pages indexed by topic and a search engine for the FOA website. It also links them to FOA videos and courses on our free online learning site Fiber U.

The FOA Fiber FAQs Page (FAQs = frequently asked questions) gathers up questions readers have asked us (which first ran in this newsletter) and adds tech topics of general interest.





Good Question!

Tech Questions/Comments From FOA Newsletter Readers 

More Q&A in the FOA FAQs Page  

April 2023

Electromagnetic Interference
Q: Is there and electromagnetic interference with optic cables?
A: The fiber is glass and the cable is plastic, neither of which are affected by electromagnetic interference. There is a cable used in electrical transmission lines called OPGW- optical power ground wire - that has fiber inside a wire conducting high voltage - doesn’t bother the fiber at all.

Bandwidth Issues
Q: We are having transmission problems on long fiber runs with mixes of fiber types. Ideas?
A: Perhaps the problem is simply the total bandwidth of the fiber. If the long spans are G.652, it will probably have CD and perhaps PMD issues. It’s worth doing fiber characterization tests on it. See this page in the FOA Guide: https://foa.org/tech/ref/testing/test/CD_PMD.html If you are over 100G, coherent transmission might overcome the problems with bandwidth.


Can we get the following information from OTDR tests?
1. Attenuation
Yes, see https://foa.org/tech/ref/testing/OTDR/OTDR.html
2. Chromatic dispersion (Need some help )
On some special OTDRs with mulitple wavelengths - see  https://foa.org/tech/ref/testing/test/CD_PMD.html
3. Polarisation mode dispersion (Need some help)
Not on any we know about. Also see https://foa.org/tech/ref/testing/test/CD_PMD.html


March 2023

Fiber Optic Network Maintenance
Q:
I am in the middle of building a set of documents for Fiber Optic Internet Services and one of the areas needed is a template for supporting the outside plant facilities. Might there be a template of must-haves for any service provider or municipality to have as part of their maintenance agreements once the network build and construction is finished?
A:
That’s a good topic to cover in agreements. When people ask us what maintenance fiber optic networks need, we usually tell them “build it, lock it up and forget it.” In other words what some people have suggested for maintenance for fiber optic networks, like periodic testing or cleaning of connectors, is more likely to cause damage than help. Preparing for restoration, however, is vitally important. Every day several fiber optic cables are cut by other construction.
Here are a few links from the FOA Guide that may be useful:
Fiber Optic Network Management   (For Managers)
User's Guide To Fiber Optic Networks
Maintenance
Restoration (planning & implementing)


Converting RF To Fiber
Q:
I would like to convert our SATCOM System to RFoF.  Currently we use our antenna to receive from 2 RF ports on the antenna, DC-6Ghz, and 6-20Ghz.  We also have other antennas that are configured to do DC - 1Ghz, and 1-Ghz.  Currently we are doing testing with an RfOptic RFoF converter on the 1-6Ghz with great results.  Currently we are just doing lab testing as our operational systems are all RF with COAX.
A:
Converting from coax to fiber is generally easy because the application is widespread and components easy to get. The model for what you are doing might be the Fiber to the Antenna (FTTA) application for the wireless services. See this for an example: https://www.opticalzonu.com/solutions/uhfandvhf/


Documenting Fiber Optic Cable Plants
Q:
I am looking for information or training materials on documentation standards for OSP cable.  We currently have a number of large backbone cables along with mid span cables.  I know companies like the phone company labels each cable with a number and terminals off of the mid span drop with the specific pair numbers.  Is there a standard way to label each cable, mid span cable, splice box, terminal, etc.?
A:
The usual way is to document every fiber in every cable with a fiber designation, color code and connections on each end. There are some standards on numbering schemes but most companies I know use their own designations created as they got started. There are software packages that will do this work, simplifying the process,


February 2023

FOA Technical Materials Updates
Q:
How often are FOA courses (such as CFOS/D) updated? And when they get updated, what happens to those who would have done a previous version?
A: The FOA knowledge base is updated continuously, reflected first in the FOA Guide online (FOA Guide), then in the curriculum materials for courses at our FOA Approved training organizations and Fiber U (Fiber U). Textbooks are updated every few years, generally just tech updates, but sometimes with major additions like the large section on OSP construction added into the OSP book.
If you took your certification a few years ago, there are new courses at Fiber U and a FOA Update Page that we use for new information that was first published in the newsletter. And of course reading the FOA Monthly Newsletter FOA News will help keep you up to date on fiber optic tech and applications.


Measuring Short Cables WIth A Long Launch Cable
Q:
Is it correct to measure a 300m fiber optic last mile with a 2Km launch cable? I think it is not, but I’d like to hear your comments.
A: Why would you think it is not correct?
Q: A 2Km launch box must be used with a 20uS pulse width, to eliminate the dead zone. Shorter pulse widths are too “weak” so the OYDR will not reach the end of the link. That’s why I think it’s not correct using the 2Km launch box in links shorter than 80Km/90Km.
A: You have cause and effect reversed. If you are trying to measure a very long fiber, 80-90km, you need a lot of power in the OTDR pulse, so you use a very wide pulse. In order to get past the dead zone with that long pulse, you need a long launch cable, like 2 km. But if you are trying to measure a short cable, say 300m, you use a very short pulse, 5ns or so, for higher resolution. The OTDR range would only need to be a few km, so the shorter pulse works. As long as the OTDR range is longer than the launch cable plus the cable to test, it’s perfectly OK. A shorter launch cable would work and might even allow a shorter test pulse for higher resolution, but the length of the launch cable only needs to be long enough to reach past the dead zone and allow measuring the cable you want to test.

 
 

January 2023

Fiber In Antarctica
Q: Does anyone know if there is any cable solution to be installed in Antarctica? The climatic conditions involve installing the cable directly on the ground, withstanding temperatures as low as -30° Celsius.
A: There have been fiber optic cables in the Antarctic for over 25 years. In the 1990s, the fiber optic test equipment company FOTEC built a computerized test  system that was installed at Amundsen-Scott base to test about a half-dozen cables over the winter. All worked fine. A few years ago we met the engineer who installed it at a conference. She told me some of those cables were still being used.



December 2022

Seeing Splices On OTDR Traces
Q: The reason why I am reaching out is because the CEI is having trouble understanding that not all trace files will show splices. As we both know that means that there is low loss and the network will work more efficiently. I was wondering if you could possibly help give a more in depth explanation so everyone can understand why they are not seeing splices.
A: Nothing in fiber optics is more confusing that an OTDR trace!
First it is necessary to understand how the OTDR measures loss, so start on this page in the FOA Guide: https://foa.org/tech/ref/testing/OTDR/OTDR.html When you get about 3/4 down the page, there is a section called “OTDR Measwurement Uncertainty”  that explains the way a splice loss is measured and the uncertainty of the measurement caused by the difference in backscatter coefficient in the two fibers being spliced.
Next consider how a splice is made - fusing or welding two fibers together. The typical loss of the splice is under 0.1 dB. The difference in fiber backscatter can cause directional loss variations higher that the loss of the splice. If the difference in backscatter is 0.1 dB and the splice loss is 0.1 dB, in one direction it will show 0 dB loss and in the other directin it will show 0.2 dB loss, so the average is about right, 0.1 dB. This is of course how we get “gainers” when the backscatter difference is much higher than the splice loss.
But also consider this. The OTDR digitizes the signals in both axes. If the dB range shown is 40dB and the digitization is 10 bits, each bit represents 0.04 dB. A good fusion splice can be so small, the OTDR cannot detect it because it is less than 1 bit of the measurement resolution.
This is the reason we tell people that documentation is so important. If you know where the splice is, you can look for it and pat yourself on the back if you can’t find it because you are so good at splicing!


What is the application for 10G to the home?
Q:
What is the application for 10G to the home?  Streaming 4K requires 25M, even a family of 8, each watching their own program would only require 200M.
A: The use of 10G is not just for bragging rights. With 10G, you can serve up to 256 (or sometimes more) users, making it a viable alternative for very dense populations. Of course, it can also serve fewer business users who want higher bandwidth than regular GPON.
Utility damages slightly increased since 2019, per DIRT Report
The Common Ground Alliance (CGA) recently announced the findings from its 2021 Damage Information Reporting Tool (DIRT) Report, and the datas indicates that damages have increased since 2019.
 





November 2022

Fiber Characterization
Q:
After installing a long haul backbone fibre, what tests are required on the fibre plant to ensure optimum performance of DWDM. (I understand the need for having OTDR traces.) Are there any FOA Guides that explore such tests?
A:
FOA has a page in the FOA Guide covering this kind of testing - it’s called “fiber characterization.” The page is Fiber Characterization and Testing long haul networks (CD, PMD, Spectral Attenuation)

Mating Cycles
Q:
I’m a NASA contractor and recently we came across a interesting and yet perplexing question.  Does a connector lose a mate cycle every time we put it under the scope for a cleanliness inspection?  We want to catalogue each time we lose a mating cycle and wondered if that counted as well. 
A:
No you would not lose a mating cycle. The connector is well separated from the lens of the microscope. If they touched, it would disturb any dirt on the end of the connector you were trying to inspect and get the microscope lens dirty. A mating cycle is only when mated to another connector - PC and APC connectors have contact between the polished fiber ends and that is what causes wear. Microscopes should not cause mating, not should most power meters for testing, but test sources and meters with fiber pigtails for connections would count as a mating cycle.

Removing Data Center Cables
Q:
I’m wrecking out fiber optic cables at the data center.  They get very tangled if the connectors are intact. Co-workers are cutting the connectors off to make pulling the fiber optic cables through the fiber troughs easier. I was concerned about fiber shards when connectors are cut off.
A:
Cutting off connectors should not produce fiber shards. The plastic coatings on the fiber should keep that from happening. It is OK to cut off connectors or cut the cables into shorter lengths to ease the removal of tangled cables.

Connecting OS1/OS2 SM Fiber
Q:
Can OS1 and OS2 fibers be cross-connected?  Application is for low bandwidth devices with a maximum of 1GB Ethernet connections.
A:
OS1 and. OS2 (G.652) fibers are essentially the same geometrically; the only difference is the manufacturing of OS2 removes the water molecules that cause the water peak at 1244 and 1383 nm.

FTTH Software
Q:
Do you have any recommendations on FTTH software? A search shows a dozen or more offerings but I don’t know anyone using them. Are you familiar with any?
A:
We asked several people who are knowledgeable on software and here is what they said:
It would depend on the application or what you need the software for…
  • For GIS based mapping: Esri
  • For fiber network management systems (FNMS [design/planning and operations]): OSPinsight or Vetro
  • For automated HL design: OSPInsight as well as Biarri
  • For Tier 1 type telecom operator FNMS with BSS/OSS integration: Ericsson NE (Networks) which was based on old Tirks. Another is NetCracker.
  • For GIS enabled construction / project Management: Vitruvi
If I had to start a small to mid sized FTTH system, I would consider ESRI and OSPInsight.



October 2022

How Light travels In An Optical Fiber
Q:
Is there a generalised ratio between the length of an optic fibre and the length of the path actually taken by a light pulse inside that fibre? If yes, do OTDRs factor in such differences in any way? or they such sown the length of the actual path of the light pulses?
A:
Each optical fiber has an effective independent of refraction. The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light to the speed of light in the material: n=c/v where n=index of refraction, c=speed of light in a vacuum and v=speed of light in the fiber.
For an optical fiber, the manufacturer measures the index of refraction which is usually in the range of 1.47. Corning SMF-28 singlemdoe fiber for example is specified at 1.4670 @ 1310 nm and 1.4677 @ 1550 nm.
So if you use the equation above, the speed of light in SMF-28 fiber for a 1310nm pulse is c/n or 300,000 km/s divided by 1.4670 = 204,500 km/s.
When an OTDR measures length, it actually measures the time its test pulse takes to go to the end of the fiber and return, so the distance is 2X the actual fiber length. The distance is speed x time.
If a fiber is 1 km long and the speed is 204,500 km/s, the  time forlight to travel the 1km is 1/204500 = 0.00000489 seconds or about 5 milliseconds.
OTDR will measure that fiber as 10 ms becasue its pulse has to go both ways, and it would calculate the length as i km, using that effective index of refraction of 1.4670.
Back to your original question, the index of refraction is the generalized number based on how light travels in the fiber.

Excess Cable In Ducts
Q: Do you have any established characterization on the ratio of the length of optic fibre to the length of its duct (to account for twisting of the fibre inside the duct).
A: The cable after pulling into the duct and no longer under tension will be about 1-2% longer. And remember the fiber is about 1% longer than the cable.

Slack/Service Loops In Manholes
Q: What is the recommended percentage of slack left in manholes for longhaul transmission links?
A: Not so much a percentage as actual length. If it includes a splice, the fiber which will be stored in service loops need to be long enough to conveniently do the splicing outside the manhole - typically 10-15m for each cable. If there is no splice but just provision to pull the cable back down conduit to repair a dig-up during restoration, the distances should be about the same or maybe a bit longer - say 20m of cable..


Do APC Connectors Show Reflectance On An OTDR Trace?
Q:
I was testing a 500meter cable with 1000m launch. In the first event the otdr sensed a splice loss instead of a connector and reflectance. The connector is APC . Is it possible to have no reflectance at all. Pulse at 10ns and duration of 15secs.
A: A good APC connector can show no reflectance. One of our instructors who wrote the OTDR training course when he was at AT&T did some tests for FOA a few years ago. Here are two traces that show the reflectance is so low it is in the noise of the trace.

APC Trace
APPC

September 2022

Splicing Pigtails On A Cable
Q:
I seem to be having an issue finding fiber protection sleeves that can slide over the 3mm patch cable.  I bought a sleeve that said it with made for “single fiber fusion” but the thru hole which I would side the cable thru prior to fusion is too small for the patch cable.  When I try and look on-line for specifications for the thru-hole size, prior to fusion final melting of the glue in the sleeve, all I find are post-melting diameters, none which are even close to being able to handle the 3mm patch cable.
A: Splicing pigtails involves splicing the fibers only and the cables are secured separately. The usual method of splicing on pigtails is to splice the fibers and use the heat shrink tube to seal the splice and the fibers from the outside air and protect it from stress. The splice is placed in a splice tray. On either side, there is 2-3 feet of fiber exposed from the cables being spliced. The splice tray has clamps for all of the cables being spliced on the edges of the tray and the fiber to the splice is coiled neatly on the splice tray. The jacket of the pigtail is clamped at the edge of the splice tray but  ends there, so only fiber is coiled in the tray. If you try to coil fiber, the bulk of the cable can get to be a problem where it’s coiled with the bare fiber. You can get heat shrink protectors for fibers of 250 to 900 micron diameter buffers, but not for jacketed cables.


Important Questions From The Past


Managing And Maintaining a Fiber Optic Cable Plant During Its Lifetime.
Q: Are there guides / recommendations for optic fibre cable life cycle management? (outside plant) including rehabilitation / replacement timelines together with factors that may alter those timelines ( such as seismic activity, extreme weather, human activity-induced fibre cuts etc) also including typical performance deterioration over the life cycle, and the performance levels at which replacement / rehabilitation happens. Or does it happen (and is it normally expected) that operators replace entire sections of fibre (say 400 km) as part of routine maintenance?

A: There is a saying here in the US that in fiber optics “the most common cause of failure is “backhoe fade” in underground cables and  “target practice” for aerial cables.” In other words, damage caused by humans. We know of many fiber optic cable plants that have survived natural disasters like earthquakes - in fact there is a lot of work today using regular cables used in communications to monitor for seismic activity. Fire can be a problem in remote areas, but often it’s because the poles are burned causing the cables to fall.

Over the years we have questioned cable manufacturers about the lifetime of fiber optic cable. They don’t like to make definitive statements but we have been told that based on the cables installed in the past that 40 years is a probable lifetime for most cables. There are certainly cables in use today that are over 30 years old already. The glass fiber is not a problem, it’s the protection from the cables that will eventually fail. Installation techniques can have an effect on the longevity. For example splice closures should be sealed properly to prevent ingress of moisture or dirt. Cables should not be installed with bends below the rated bend radius or with excess tension.

FOA has always told users that fiber optic cables do not need maintenance (https://foa.org/tech/ref/user/maintain.html), a response to some people advocating periodic inspection and cleaning of connections, for example. That’s just more likely to cause damage.

When an accidental break in a cable occurs, we have guidelines for restoration (https://foa.org/tech/ref/restoration/rest.html), and planning for restoration when building the cable plant is very important.

Someday you will certainly want to replace cables, often well before the lifetime of the cable, but generally because you need more fiber or the older fiber will not support the network speeds you want for upgrades. Planning for more fiber by installing more cables can be eased by installing spare underground ducts when first installing cables - here in the US, we call this “Dig Once” (https://foa.org/tech/ref/OSP_Construction/Underground_Construction.html). Testing fibers for higher speeds is called "fiber Characterization” (https://foa.org/tech/ref/testing/test/CD_PMD.html) and is routinely done when speeds above 10G or certainly 100G are considered for older fibers.

Knowing that the lifetime of fiber optic cable plants are ~40 years, it makes sense to plan ahead for future applications, installing lots of fibers, leaving lots of open duct space and choosing network architectures that will not obstruct upgrades. See the article on Netly's network above.


Fiber Optic Color Codes Reference Chart
Q: Has anyone made a fiber optic pocket reference chart that has cable color orders, frequencies, or other commonly used info on it?
A: The FOA has a page on its Online Guide that covers color codes (https://foa.org/tech/ColCodes.htm). It is the most popular page in the FOA Guide! It works great with a smartphone.


More Q&A in the FOA FAQs Page  

 


Dig
                    Once

The word on the "Dig Once" program is getting out - FOA is getting calls from cities asking us for information and advice. Here are some links:

The DoT page on the administration’s Executive Order: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/exeorder.cfm

And the one to download and hand out:
A “How To” Guide from The Global Connect Initiative: https://share.america.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/6.-GCI-Dig-Once.pdf



Is There A Standard For Fiber Optic Installation?

Another question we get often is "Is there a standard for fiber optic installation." The answer is yes, but not from the usual standards groups you might expect. Over 20 years ago, the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) asked FOA to help create a standard for installation. That standard, ANSI/NECA/FOA-301 has been updated three times already and is about ready for another update.

Unlike most of those groups who charge you a fortune for standards, FOA covers the cost so
ANSI/NECA/FOA-301 is available free from FOA.

NECA/FOA
                        301 Fiber Optic Installation Standard

Download your free copy of
ANSI/NECA/FOA-301 here (PDF)


Older questions are now available here.




Training
/ FiberU

News and resources to help you learn more and stay updated.

Find a listing of all the FOA-Approved schools here.

fiberu.org

Free online self-study programs on many fiber optics and cabling topics are available at Fiber U, FOA's online web-based training website.
Free online training at Fiber U


The FOA has >100 videos on videos 


FOA School News

 FOA's roster of approved schools is growing as more organizations recognize our expertise in workforce development and our comprehensive support for getting new schools started. FOA has over 25 years experience and nearly 90,000 certified fiber techs (with ~120,000 certifications). As a non-profit organization founded by the industry specifically to develop a competent workforce, FOA provides the consultation, curriculum and contacts to get schools started as a free service to new schools.

Welcome #5 in Ohio
This month FOA welcomes Washington County Career Center as our 5th school in Ohio. Last year, the Governor's office held a formal ceremony to announce the opening of a FOA school at Tri-County Career Center (FOA Newsletter September 2021.) Washington County Career Center is the latest addition to the network and two more are coming shortly. Soon Ohio will catch up with Kentucky with 9 KCTCS schools in the FOA network.

Telecom Fiji
Andy Edwards of CommsLearning Limited emailed us as he was preparing to head home to New Zealand that he had just spent time training personnel at Telecom Fiji - 55 CFOT’s trained, 6 Designers and 4 instructors who can deliver CFOT internally with certifications going via CommsLearning. Details above.



FOA Network Of Approved Schools Continues To Grow

The need for more fiber optic networks to support fiber broadband and wireless/5G networks has led to a strong demand for more trained and FOA-certified techs, and that has led to a demand for more training organizations. FOA has been adding new schools and certifying new instructors to meet the demand.

Schools added recently:
School 775 INCITEL-UNI Lima Peru
School 406 Fiber Cert Santa Barbara, CA
School 404 Artison Technical Services, Waldorf, MD
School 403: Washington County Career Center
School 774: Arrow For Engineering, Amman, Jordan
School #401: Western Wyoming Community CollegeSchool 399: Team Fishel, Virginia
School 398, Telecom Tech, Colorado
School 396 Optconn, Boston, MA
School 395 Fiber Wizards (Knowledge on Demand LLC)
School 393, Carolina's Solution Group
School 394, Tri-County Career Center, Nelsonville, Ohio
School 388:  Global Com of Sterling, Virginia, USA
School 389. CWA-JATC Telecom Training Center, San Jose, CA
School 390  Northern Allied Communications, Nespelem, WA
School 391  Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID
School 392  Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL


Complete listing of FOA Approved Training Organizations
 



Need A Fiber Optic Course Onsite? Invite an FOA School To Come To You

FOA often gets inquiries from an organization that has personnel that needs training in fiber optics. Recent inquiries have included contractors, a manufacturer of high-reliability products using fiber optics and a cable manufacturer. In many cases, where there are several people needing training, FOA can recommend a FOA Approved School and Certified Instructor who will come to their location to teach a class. The advantage  is of course the savings in travel costs if the class comes to you, but it also offers the opportunity to customize the course to fit your needs, even use your equipment or work on your components, so the training is more relevant to those taking the class.

Contact FOA to discuss the idea of a custom, on-site class to see if it will better meet your needs.



Fiber U On-The-Job Training (OJT) Program

The FOA Fiber U OJT program for novices combines online study at Fiber U with OJT with mentoring by experienced co-workers and their supervisor to help new employees develop into FOA-certified technicians in only one year. 
OJT

The FOA Fiber U “OJT-To-Cert” program  includes both fiber optics and premises cabling (copper, fiber & wireless), so it covers techs working in both outside plant and premises jobs. 

Like other FOA programs, the OJT-To-Cert program is free. If you and/or your company is interested in the FOA OJT-To-Cert program, contact FOA.

To explain how OJT works and FOA's OJT-To-Cert program, FOA created a short video: Lecture 62: On The Job Training For Fiber Optics Using Fiber U     




FOA Direct Certification Program For Experienced Fiber Optic Techs

Experience Plus Online Study At Fiber U = FOA Certification

Experienced fiber optic technicians can become FOA Certified using their experience in fiber optics and study for the FOA certification exams online at Fiber U. Thousands of industry professionals have applied to the FOA directly for certification without the need for classroom training, based on their knowledge and skills developed working the field. Since FOA certifications are based on KSAs (knowledge, skills and abilities), current techs can show the skills and abilities required through their field experience. FOA provides free online self-study courses at Fiber U for the knowledge part to prepare you for FOA certification exams which you can also take online.

If you are an experienced field tech interested in certification, and FOA is the internationally recognized certifying body for fiber optics, you can find out more about the FOA Direct Certification Program here.

If you are already a CFOT, FOA also offers many specialist certifications you can obtain based on your experience as a field tech. See what's available at
Fiber U.




fiberu.org

Fiber U "Basic Fiber Optics" Online Self-Study Course Now In Spanish

El curso de autoaprendizaje en línea "Fibra óptica básica" de Fiber U ahora en español

El sitio de aprendizaje en línea de FOA, Fiber U, tiene más de dos docenas de cursos de autoaprendizaje gratuitos sobre fibra óptica y cableado de instalaciones. Como era de esperar, el tema más popular es el curso "Fibra óptica básica", que se utiliza para iniciarse en la fibra óptica y como curso de preparación para realizar el examen de certificación FOA CFOT.

Ahora el curso básico de fibra óptica está disponible en español, utilizando el libro de texto FOA en español, la sección de la Guía en línea en español y la capacidad de YouTube para traducir subtítulos de video al español. El curso funciona exactamente como la versión en inglés con 10 lecciones, cada una con cuestionarios y una opción para tomar un examen de Certificado de finalización.

Para presentar el nuevo curso de español Fiber U, el examen Certificate of Completion es gratuito, así que dígaselo a sus contactos.

Curso Básico de Fibra Óptica de Fibra U en español.


New Fiber U Course: Fiber Characterization 

FOA has added a new course at Fiber U on Fiber Characterization. Fiber characterization is the process for testing long fiber cable plants for its ability for carrying high speed communications. With so many networks now operating at 100, 200, 400 or even 800 Gb/s, fiber characterization is important, especially on older fiber optic cable plants.The free Fiber U Fiber Characterization course is available in two forms, as a standalone Fiber U fiber Characterization Course with its own Fiber U Certificate of Completion and as a separate Lesson in the Fiber U Fiber Optic Testing course. This course is recommended for those studying for the FOA CFOS/FC Fiber Characterization certification.

Fiber U MiniCourses: Got An Hour Or Less? Learn Something New About Fiber Optics.

FOA has introduced a new type of Fiber U course, the MiniCourse, a free online course you could take in a short time, perhaps as you ate lunch at your desk or took a coffee break. The topics of these courses should explain what they are about, and these are all very important topics to fiber optic techs.

Fiber Optics In Communications  

How Optical Fiber Works 

Fiber Optic Network Restoration 

Fiber Optic Connector Identification

Fiber U Color Codes 

The Mysterious dB of Fiber Optics
 

Fiber Optic Cable Bend Radius

Fiber Optic Link Loss And Power Budgets

Fiber Optic Connector Inspection And Cleaning

Fiber Optic Media Conversion  

Fiber Optic Cable Midspan Access  

Reading An OTDR Trace  

Reference Cables For Testing

Fiber Optic Attenuators
 

The courses have two components, video lectures and readings, that are complementary. As usual there is a self-test to allow you to check your comprehension. As with other Fiber U courses if you desire, you can take a short test for a Fiber U Certificate of Completion that costs
only $10.

All these free courses and many more are available at Fiber U.



What Fiber Techs Don't Know -

What We Learn From FOA Certification Tests

As FOA moves more testing over to our digital online testing system at ClassMarker, we have access to more data about our testing, including what questions and topics on the tests are answered incorrectly most often. Having this data gives us an opportunity to evaluate the questions and how they are stated, but more importantly it allow us to help our instructors teach the subjects and us to change our curriculum and online courses to emphasize these particular topics. These are some of the topics that we have noticed are answered incorrectly more often in FOA and Fiber U tests.

Most of the questions missed are on testing.

1. OTDRs - particularly what information is in the OTDR trace.

2. The difference between dB and dBm

3. Loss budgets - both the concepts and doing the math

4. Insertion loss testing - single-ended or double ended for testing patchcords or cable plants, how to set 0dB references

5. Units of measure - fiber is measured in microns, wavelengths in nanometers, etc.

At FOA, we're working to add Fiber U MiniCourses on these topics and working with our schools to emphasize these topics in their classes.

If you are going to be taking a FOA certification course or test in the near future, these topics should be on your final exam study list.

What We Learn From Hands On Labs
We learn about students performance in hands-on labs from the feedback of our instructors and our own experiences too. One big problem is the use of hand tools. Growing up today, you learn how to use keyboards, mouses and touch screens, but decades ago, you also learned how to use basic hand tools. This is big enough of a problem that we're considering adding some video lessons on basic hand tools to prepare students for cable prep, termination and splicing that require the use of hand tools.


FOA Guide "Basics Of Fiber Optics" Now Available Online in Portuguese (6/2020)

FOA
                            Reference Guide to Fiber Optics book

FOA has now translated the Basics of Fiber Optics textbook in our Online Guide into Portuguese, joining Spanish and French translations. For those speaking Portuguese, we have the technical information and for schools we also have curriculum available.

Here is the FOA Guide in Portuguese, Spanish and French translations.


Time To Learn - Online

Some schools have been closed during the pandemic, so FOA has been working with them to create new online learning experiences that can in some cases lead to certification online. FOA certifications are still based on the KSAs - knowledge from the classroom, skills from the labs and abilities judged by instructors or proven by actual experience.

ZOOMing
Much of what we're doing benefits from the capabilities of "Zoom." Others have created videoconferencing apps, but none work so well, especially with limited bandwidth. We've seen remote labs that have an instructor showing students how to use the tools they were sent then watching them duplicate their actions. We have worked out methods to use Zoom to proctor FOA's online certification exams.

Blended Learning
While most FOA schools have suspended in-person training during this period, some are offering a "blended learning" option. That means that students sign up for a FOA certification course, take the classroom sessions on Fiber U with the assistance of a FOA certified instructor. Now online instruction can include reviewing the labs using the
Fiber U Basic Skills Labs, then when it's possible to attend classes at the school, complete the hands-on labs and take the FOA certification exam.

Online Remote Labs
Alternatively, some schools are experimenting with "remote labs," where the students get sent tool kits and components and labs are conducted by videoconferencing. Before the labs, the students may watch demos by their instructor on videoconferencing and/or review the relevant "virtual hands-on" lessons in the Fiber U
Fiber Optics Basic Skills Labs  so they will already know the steps in the exercises.
And Fiber U has the new Fiber U DIY Basic Skills Lab lesson with directions on how to purchase inexpensive tools online and use them to learn basic fiber optic skills. Videoconferencing allows the instructor to remotely monitor their work and provide help as needed. Contact the FOA for more information.

exam
FOA Zoom Exam Proctoring

Online Certification Testing
FOA has all its certification tests available online, both for use by our schools and by our direct "Work to Cert" applicants. All FOA certification tests require a proctor to oversee the applicant taking the exam. In this time of social distancing, getting a proctor can be difficult, so FOA now has procedures for online proctors administering the exam.
Contact the FOA for more information.
 
OJT - On-The-Job-Training
Many novices get a job and learn on the job. They usually have an experienced tech who helps them gain the knowledge and  learn the skills they need to perform their job. Thinking about this in relation to the 
FOA KSAs, the knowledge, skills and abilities needed by a fiber optic tech,  the tech will learn skills but not the basic knowledge that helps them understand the processes involved. FOA can offer help here with our
FOA's OJT-to-Cert Program, using our Fiber U online self-study programs. While the tech learns on the job, they become a Fiber U trainee, getting the knowledge they need, while working under their "mentor" at work. This is particularly good for contracting companies who need techs but do not have the usual training courses available. Interested in OJT programs? Click on the link below or contact FOA for more information.

FOA's OJT-to-Cert Program  
 

fiberu.org

FOA offers free online self-study programs at Fiber U. Many users are preparing for FOA certification programs - taking courses at our schools or using the "Work-to-Cert" program. Some of our schools are requiring Fiber U programs as prerequisites for their classroom courses so they can spend more time on hands-on activities.


FOA School Offers Toolkit With Online Training

Slayton tool
                    kit

Slayton Solutions (FOA Approved School #156) is offering a simple fiber optic tool kit that includes a 29-piece set of fiber optic tools and a power meter along with training videos and online instruction for only $499. 29 Piece Kit includes all tools and devices a technician needs to install fiber optic connectors and test optical power. You can contact them for more information at  slaytonsolutions@sbcglobal.net or https://www.fiberopticsinstitute.com




Publications
/ Resources

FOA
                        Guide





Cross Reference To FOA Tech Materials
FOA has so much technical reference material, we created a cross reference guide to the textbooks, Online Guide and Fiber U courses, all the FOA technical information. Besides the textbooks, online Guide and Fiber U, each section of the Guide also includes links to the 100+ FOA videos available.

Cross Reference Guide to Textbooks, Online Guide and Fiber U


FOA Guide To Fiber Optic Workforce Development

To help those new to fiber optic workforce development, FOA has created a web page we call  "Fiber Optic Workforce Development."  In this page, we share what we have learned about the fiber optic workforce, who they are and how they learn their trade. We discuss what defines a fiber optic tech and how they should be certified.

Read the FOA Guide To Fiber Optic Workforce Development online.




Latest FOA Book: Fiber Broadband (Paperback and Kindle)

FOA Guide To Fiber BroadbandIn less than half a century, fiber optics has revolutionized communications and to a large extent, society in general. Broadband, what many today call high speed Internet access, has become a necessity for everyone, not a luxury. The technology that makes broadband possible is fiber optics, connecting the continents, cities, and just about everybody. Even fiber to the home (FTTH) brings broadband to hundreds of millions worldwide.

How did we get from an era when communications was making a telephone call or sending a telegram to today’s world where every piece of information – and misinformation – is available at the click of a mouse or touch on a screen? How did we get from a time when a phone was connected on copper wires to being able to connect practically anywhere on a handheld device with more computing power than was available to scientists and engineers only decades ago?

How does broadband work? Without fiber optics it would not work.

This book is not the typical FOA technical textbook - it is written for anyone who wants to understand fiber broadband or fiber optics or the Internet. It's also aimed at STEM teachers who want to include communications technology in their classes. This book will try to explain not only how fiber broadband works, but how it was developed. It is intended to be an introduction to communications technology appropriate for a communications course at almost any level (junior high, high school or college,) for managers involved with broadband projects, or for anyone who just wonders how all this stuff works.

The Fiber Optic Association Guide To Fiber Broadband  

Paperback ($12.95) and Kindle ($9.95) versions available from Amazon or most booksellers. Kindle version is in color!



More Translations of FOA Textbooks

Guia de Referência sobre Fibra Óptica da FOAFOA is a very international organization and it works hard to accommodate the language needs of everyone. We have been translating our books and website into the languages most requested, and this month, we add two more textbook translations. We also want to thank Jerry Morla, FOA CFOS/I instructor and Director who has been doing the recent translations into Spanish, his native language.


Here is a listing of all the FOA textbook Translations

Spanish Editions:

Guía de Referencia de la Asociación de Fibra Óptica (FOA) Sobre Fibra Óptica: Guía de estudio para la certificación de la FOA  Amazon
La Referencia de Cableado para Predios de la FOA: Guía para Certificación de la FOA   Amazon
La Asociación de Fibra Óptica Manual de Fibra Hasta el Hogar : Para Planificadores, Gestores, Diseñadores, Instaladores y Operadores De FTTH  Amazon
Guía de Referencia de la FOA sobre Diseño de la red de fibra óptica: Guía de Estudio para la Certificación de la FOA Amazon

And the FOA Reference Guide To Fiber Optics:
French Edition: Le Guide de référence de la FOA pour la fibre optique et et guide d'étude pour la certification FOA: Guide d'étude pour la certification FOA  Amazon
Portuguese Edition: Guia de Referência sobre Fibra Óptica da FOA : Guia de Estudo para a Certificação da FOA  Amazon

The subject matter of these books is also translated in the FOA Guide online.



Planning A Fiber Optic Project?

The FOA Guide To Fiber Optic Projects includes this timeline and comments on project planning and implementation.



More New FOA Video Lectures On YouTube

Did you know YouTube will close caption videos in many languages? Here are directions.

FOA Lecture 73, The History of Fiber Optics - A Timeline fiber optics from the beginning.

FOA YouTube Video Describes On-The-Job Training (OJT) 

FOA Lecture 67 Fiber Optics At Electrical Utilities  

More New Videos Including FTTH Series

Like all our YouTube lectures, they are all short and easy to understand.



Did you know YouTube will close caption videos in many languages?

YouTube
                      translations
Sign in with Google to get translations for closed captioning. Click on the settings icon (red arrow.) Choose "Subtitles".  English is the default language. Click on the arrow after "English (auto-generated) >". In the new window click on "Auto-translate" and choose the language you want. 

FOA Loss Budget Calculator On A Web Page 5/2020

FOA has written many articles about loss budgets, something everyone involved in fiber optics needs to know and needs to know how to calculate. We recently discovered how to get a spreadsheet ported to a Web page, so we created this web page that calculates loss budgets. We have an iOS loss budget app, but with this web page, you can calculate loss budgets from any device, smart phone, tablet, laptop, or desktop computer that has web browsing capability.

FOA Loss Budget Calculator 

Bookmark this page (especially on your smartphone): FOA Loss Budget Calculator Online




FOA
                      Guide We are continually updating the Online Reference Guide to keep up with changes in the industry and adding lots of new pages of technical information. When you go to the FOA Guide Table of Contents to see the latest updates - look for New.

Recent updates:


FTTH Updates: Added a section on FTTH Network Design, updated Architecture and PONs (10G)
Color Codes For Fiber Optics   Includes print your own pocket guide and versions for your smartphone.

Fiber Optic Projects - the FOA Guide to projects from concept to operation
 

Coherent Communications Systems in the FOA Guide.

Go to  The FOA Online Fiber Optic Reference Guide.


FOA Reference Books



FOA FTTH                          Handbook

FOA's FTTH Handbook:
We've gathered all our information on FTTH from the FOA Guide and past issues of the FOA Newsletter and edited it into a 112 page "FTTH Handbook." We even added a section on planning and managing FTTH Projects.
The Fiber Optic Association Fiber To The Home Handbook is available from Amazon in print and Kindle editions.

FTTH Handbook in Spanish

Sitio web y manual de FTTH ahora en español


Sitio web y manual de FTTH ahora en español - FTTH Website And Handbook Now In Spanish

El Manual FOA FTTH se ha convertido en el libro FOA más vendido y tiene una calificación de 4.7/5 por parte de los compradores en Amazon.

FOA ha notado mucho interés en FTTH en otras áreas del mundo, especialmente en América Central y del Sur, por lo que tradujimos el sitio web de FTTH y el Manual de FTTH al español.

Available in paperback from Amazon or ebook on Amazon Kindle.
Disponible como libro de tapa blanda en Amazon o como libro electrónico en Amazon Kindle.  
El sitio web de FOA FTTH ahora en español.  

El Manual FOA FTTH se ha convertido en el libro FOA más vendido y tiene una calificación de 4.7/5 por parte de los compradores en Amazon.

FOA ha notado mucho interés en FTTH en otras áreas del mundo, especialmente en América Central y del Sur, por lo que tradujimos el sitio web de FTTH y el Manual de FTTH al español.


Disponible como libro de tapa blanda en Amazon o como libro electrónico en Amazon Kindle.  

El sitio web de FOA FTTH ahora en español.  


FOA Reference Guide to Fiber Optics book FOA
                        text in Spanish FOA Text in French FOA Reference Guide to Premises Cablng
                          book  FOA Reference Guide to OSP Fiber Optics
                          book   FOA
                        Reference Guide to Fiber Optic OSP Construction
                        book  FOA
                        Reference Guide to Fiber Optics Design book FOA Reference Guide to Fiber Optics Testing
                        book  FOA
                        Reference Guide to Fiber Optic OSP Construction
                        book
Fiber Optics (4 languages), Premises Cabling, OSP fiber and construction, Network Design, Testing and FTTH

   The FOA has it's own reference books for everyone working in fiber optics - contractors, installers and end users as well as for use as textbooks in classes at educational institutions. They are available as printed books or Kindle at much lower prices than most textbooks since we self-publish and sell online, cutting out the middlemen. Click on the book images for more information. The Reference Guide To Fiber Optics is also available in Spanish, French and Portuguese. The Design book is available in English and Spanish.

Click on any book for more information about it.

FOA has reprinted

Lennie Lightwave
"
Lennie Lightwave's Guide" on its 25th anniversary in a special print edition.
 
Lennie and Uncle Ted's Guides are online or as free iBooks on iTunes.
Lennie
                        Lightwave's Guide To Fiber Optics   Uncle
                        Ted's Guide to Premises Cablling
Click on any of the books to learn more.

Fiber Optic Safety Poster to download and print

Resources For Teachers In K-12 And Technical Schools
Teachers in all grades can introduce their students to fiber optic technology with some simple demonstrations. FOA has created a page for STEM or STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and math) teachers with materials appropriate to their classes. Fiber Optic Resources For Teachers.

 


Safety


On Safety

The FOA is concerned about safety!
FOA considers safety an integral part of all our programs, curriculum materials and technical materials. We start all our textbooks and their online versions with a section on safety in the first chapter, like this: Before we get started - Safety First!
 
There are pages on the FOA Guide on Safety procedures Including Eye Safety  and. Digging Safely 

And a YouTube lecture: FOA Lecture 2: Safety When Working With Fiber Optics
 
In our OSP Construction Section, these pages cover many safety issues including those related to the construction of the cable plant: Project Preparation And Guidelines, Underground Cable Construction, Underground Cable Installation and Aerial Cable Installation.
 
There is even a safety poster for the fiber activities: PDF Safety Rules For Fiber Optics
 
Other Safety Resources:

There is a toll-free "call before you dig" number in the USA: Dial 811. See www.call811.com for more information in the US. Here is their map of resources by states.

In Canada, it's "Click Before You Dig.com" They also have a page of resources by US states and Canadian provinces.

The Common Ground Alliance has an excellent "Best Practices Guide" online

The US Department of Transportation has a website called "National Pipeline Mapping System" that allows one to search for buried pipelines.   

Why We Warn You To Be Careful About Fiber Shards
fiber in
                      finger
Photo courtesy  Brian Brandstetter,  Mississauga Training Consultantcy


2023 Conference On Damage Prevention In Tampa
Safety Conference

Global Excavation Safety Conference

Tampa, Florida
February 14-16, 2023

GlobalExcavationSafetyConference.com:

 
dpPro

The magazine, dp-Pro, sponsor of the conference, has also published it's latest issue with an article by FOA on "New Construction Techniques in Fiber Optics" and a overview of the FOA. You can read the magazine here.



When You Bury Marker Tape, Bury One That Will Work (July 2021)

Signaltape

Signaltape® provides a visual warning by ensuring tape is brought to the surface, alerting the operator to the presence of a buried utility. It includes a 3,000-lb. tensile strength aramid fiber membrane, which ensures the tape is pulled to the surface to alert the excavation crew. Signaltape comes in two sizes: 12″ x 1000′ or 6″ x 1000′.



FOA Corporate Members - Products & Services

List of corporate member information provided by FOA corporate members listed on the FOA website.





FOA/About


About The FOA

Contact Us:  http://www.foa.org or email <info@foa.org>





FOA on LinkedIn


FOA has a company page and four LinkedIn Groups


FOA - official company page on LinkedIn
 
FOA - covers FOA, technology and jobs in the fiber optic marketplace

FOA Fiber Optic Training - open to all, covers fiber optic technology and training topics


Grupo de La Asociación de Fibra Óptica FOA (Español)  



What is The FOA? 

The FOA is a, international non-profit educational association chartered to promote professionalism in fiber optics through education, certification and standards. 

Founded in 1995 by a dozen prominent fiber optics trainers and  leaders from education, 
industry and government as a professional society for fiber optics and a source of independent certification, the FOA has grown to now being involved in numerous activities to educate the world about fiber optics and certify the workers who design, build and operate the world's fiber optic networks.

Read More  

FOA History  

FOA Timeline of Fiber Optics  


Contact Us
The Fiber Optic Association Inc.
https://www.foa.org or email <info@foa.org>
https://www.thefoa.org or email <info@thefoa.org>
Telephone/text: 760-451-3655

The FOA Home Page


FOA Guide
Want to know more about fiber optics? Study for FOA certifications? Free Self-Study Programs are on "Fiber U®." Looking for specific information? Here's the largest technical reference on the web: The FOA Online Fiber Optic Reference Guide.

fiberu.org

Free online self-study programs on many fiber optics and cabling topics are available at Fiber U, FOA's online web-based training website.


 

Contact Us
The Fiber Optic Association Inc.
       
The FOA Home Page











Fiber Optic Timeline  








(C)1999-2023, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.


 FOA Logo Merchandise

New FOA Swag! Shirts, Caps, Stickers, Cups, etc.
FOA T Shirt
The FOA has created a store on Zazzle.com offering lots of new logo merchandise. It has lots of versions of shirts and other merchandise with "FOA," "Fiber U," "Lennie Lightwave" designs and more so you should find something just for you! See FOA on Zazzle.
 

Your Name, CFOT® - It pays to advertise!

The FOA encourages CFOTs to use the logo on their business cards, letterhead, truck or van, etc. and provides logo files for that purpose. But we are also asked about how to use the CFOT or CFOS certifications. Easy, you can refer to yourself as "Your Name, CFOT" or "Your Name, CFOS/T" for example.

Feel free to use the logo and designations to promote your achievements and professionalism!

Contact FOA at info@thefoa.org to get logos in file format for your use.



Privacy Policy (for the EU GDPR): The FOA does not use cookies or any other web tricks to gather information on visitors to our website, nor do we allow commercial advertising. Our website hosts may gather traffic statistics for the visitors to our website and our online testing service, ClassMarker, maintains statistics of test results. We do not release or misuse any information on any of our members except we will confirm FOA certifications and Fiber U certificates of completion when requested by appropriate persons such as employers or personnel services.
Read the complete FOA Privacy Policy here.